ITF+ Computer Hardware Notes

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Definition:
  • The "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.
• Key Components:
  • Cores: Multiple cores allow multitasking (e.g., dual-core, quad-core).
  • Clock Speed: Measured in GHz, determines how fast instructions are processed.
  • Cache: Small memory inside the CPU for quick access to frequently used data.
• Examples:
  • Intel Core i5, AMD Ryzen 5.

2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

• Definition:
  • Specialized processor for rendering graphics and performing parallel processing tasks.
• Types:
  • Integrated: Built into the CPU (e.g., Intel UHD Graphics).
  • Dedicated: Separate hardware for high performance (e.g., NVIDIA GeForce, AMD Radeon).
• Uses:
  • Gaming, video editing, machine learning.

3. Motherboard

• Definition:
  • The main circuit board connecting all components of a computer.
• Key Features:
  • CPU socket, RAM slots, expansion slots (PCIe).
  • Chipset: Determines compatibility with CPUs and other components.
• Examples:
  • ATX, Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX.

4. RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Definition:
  • Volatile memory used for temporarily storing data that the CPU needs to access quickly.
• Specifications:
  • Measured in GB (e.g., 8GB, 16GB).
  • Types: DDR4, DDR5.
• Purpose:
  • Improves multitasking and performance.

5. Storage (HDD/SSD)

• Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
  • Uses spinning disks to store data magnetically.
  • Larger capacity, slower speeds.
• Solid State Drive (SSD):
  • Uses flash memory for faster performance.
  • No moving parts, more durable.
• Common Capacities:
  • 256GB, 512GB, 1TB.

6. Cooling Systems

• Purpose:
  • Prevents overheating of components like the CPU and GPU.
• Types:
  • Air Cooling: Uses fans and heatsinks.
  • Liquid Cooling: Circulates liquid to dissipate heat more efficiently.

7. Power and Battery

• Power Supply Unit (PSU):
  • Converts electricity to usable voltage for computer components.
  • Measured in watts (e.g., 500W, 750W).
• Battery:
  • Found in laptops, mobile devices, and IoT devices.
  • Types: Lithium-ion, Lithium-polymer.

8. Devices

• Desktops:
  • Stationary, customizable systems.
• Laptops:
  • Portable systems with built-in screens and batteries.
• Mobile Devices:
  • Smartphones and tablets designed for portability.
• IoT Devices:
  • Internet-connected devices (e.g., smart home devices, wearables).

9. Peripherals

• Input Devices:
  • Examples: Keyboards, mice, scanners.
• Output Devices:
  • Examples: Printers, speakers.
• Input/Output Devices:
  • Examples: Touchscreens.

10. Displays

• Types:
  • LCD, LED, OLED.
• Key Features:
  • Resolution: Measured in pixels (e.g., 1080p, 4K).
  • Refresh Rate: Measured in Hz, affects motion smoothness.
• Use Cases:
  • Monitors for PCs, screens for laptops and mobile devices.

11. Questions for Review

1. What is the difference between a CPU's core and clock speed?
2. How does an integrated GPU differ from a dedicated GPU?
3. What are the primary roles of a motherboard?
4. Why is RAM considered "volatile memory"?
5. What are the advantages of an SSD over an HDD?